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The
structure was loaded with 1400 kg to simulate a heavy snowfall
and with up to 500 kg in the horizontal directions to simulate
the power of the wind.
All
the three trusses involved in the measurements demonstrated a
linear elastic behaviour with deformation values compatible with
use conditions. Nevertheless some compressed beams denounced a
minor stability than what is prescribed by law.
After examining various possible solutions, the decision taken
was to stiffen the structure locally by adding some elements to
reduce the span of the lower beams of the trusses. This
increased the structural stability and made it possible for the
Pavilion to obtain the Certificate of Static Suitability.
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From
the static point of view, there is still something that needs
further research: the incidence of cracks on the mechanical
performance of bamboo in the various structural elements.
In order to define the acceptability criteria for the
longitudinal cracks in Guadua culms affecting its structural
resistance, the Studio De Miranda has developed for us an
initial theorical model.
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Considering
critical for a cracked bamboo culm the compression force of 100
N/mm2 or 1.000 kg/cm2, the ultimate extreme state of local
instability has been examined by distinguishing two possible
situations: the presence of one single crack and of two or more
parallel cracks.
For the first situation, the finding given by the model is equal
to 1.900 mm, which means that the culm mantains its complete
structural efficiency if the crack length is lesser than 1.900
mm long, and this according to the safety factor recommended by
the ISO draft that is currently under discussion.
In the second situation, if the minimum distance between two
adjiacent cracks is within 10 and 50 mm, the average out the
lengths of the two cracks must be less than 135 mm. If the
minimum distance between the two adjacent cracks is within 50
and 100 mm, the same average length must be lesser than 2.9 x
the distance – 10 mm.
In
case these extreme values are exceeded, the culm should be
restored or structurally downgraded. The restoration of the
original bearing capacity can be obtained by sealing the cracks
with resins and applying circumferencial narrow bands at an
interaxis equal to half of the extreme length of the crack.
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On the other hand, the downgrading of the culm can be determined
by this formula:
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reduced bearing capacity = K2
x original bearing capacity
(where K is the ratio between the value of the extreme length
and the actual measured one)
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Now
the Bamboo Pavilion in Vergiate has begun its real life whose
span will depend on climate and environmental conditions, but
also on the cure provided by humans.
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Conclusions
Bamboo must play a key role in the future in order to achieve a
sustainable building development. As far as we have understood,
three are the major constraints of this development: first of
all the lack of regulations and technical norms for bamboo in
today building codes and legislations in western countries,
secondly the lack of experimental research for innovation in
techology towards a standardization of the bamboo supply and of
prefabrication, and - last but not least - the general ignorance
and distrust towards a natural resource that doesn’t belong to
the culture of the so called developed countries.
The Vergiate adventure demonstrates how these limits or
constraints can be rather easily overtaken: the Municipality
technicians are now able to transfer the bamboo building rules
adopted in the Pavilion construction process; more than 50 young
architects or students of Architecture have now the
bamboo-building basic technical and operational knowledge and
more than a few are now using bamboo in their first professional
projects; while the citizens of Vergiate and surrounding
villages have massively showed their appreciation of the
Pavilion and its warm atmosphere by doubling the number of meals
served during the public feasts of summer 2003.
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References
1. (various authors) Grow
Your Own House, Vitra Design Museum – ZERI, 2000
2. Braulin, N., Chioetto, V., Cardenas Laverde, M.: New
Materials for Sustainable Architecture: Bamboo Structures in the
Ticino Park – OFX International Magazine: Architecture,
Design, Contract - No. 74 - Sept./Oct. 2003
3. Gutierrez, J. A. Structural Adequacy of Traditional Bamboo
Housing in Latin America INBAR Tech. Rep. 19., 2000
4. Janssen, J.A.: Design and Building with Bamboo. INBAR
Techn. Report No. 20, 2000; Bamboo in Building Structures.
Doctoral Thesis in Technical Science at Eindhoven University of
Technology, 1981
5. Jayanetti, D.L. and Follett, P.R.: Bamboo in Construction.
INBAR Techn. Report no 15, 1998
6. An International Model Building Code for Bamboo. INBAR,
1999, draft document
7. Liese, W. and Kumar, S. Bamboo Preservation Compendium. INBAR
Techn. Report no 22, 2003
8. Vantomme P., Braulin N., Chioetto V., Liese W.: Public
Constructions made with Bamboo: lessons learnt from the Vergiate
Bamboo Pavilion in Northern Italy. Journal of Bamboo and
Rattan, Vol. 2, N. 4, pp 369-380, 2003
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